Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. 2009). Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. United Nations. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. Water Practice and Technology. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. The Democratic Republic . The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). 2015) of groundwater. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Tsavo. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Vassolo S. 2012. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. 1998). Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Southern Africa Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. 1). We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. Groundwater quality is generally good. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. 23 Views. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. It is located in banakata. 3A). Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. 1. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. The kill sites were single kill events. Zeke Davidson, What are the water sources of Cameroon? Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. It is located in banakata. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Marion Valeix, A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. e55182. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Leave a comment For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. Boreholes. First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Etosha It provides fresh water for an entire community. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 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