While there was even the slightest doubt that these two boys were dead those who supported the Yorkists always had a chance of rallying around someone to challenge Henry VII. In the 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess, Simnel is portrayed by Max True. Symonds, a Yorkist, first decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York, the younger of the two boys but then decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick. They arrived in Ireland on 5 May. [9], King Henry pardoned young Simnel (probably because he recognised that Simnel had been merely a puppet in the hands of adults) and put him to work in the royal kitchen as a spit-turner. In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. The comments - sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. [6] He was about 10 years old. Kildare and other Anglo-Irish lords, personally acquainted with Clarence and his family, subjected the lad to a searching examination, and satisfied themselves that he was the rightful heir to the crown. (43)The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. Richard's advisers told him that he must try to get away. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. The Yorkist leaders were determined on a serious push, rising of their party in England supported by as great a force as possible from overseas.[2]. [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Citation: C N Trueman "The Lambert Simnel Rebellion". A daughter, particularly, might undergo half a dozen betrothals in the interests of shifting policies before her destiny eventually caught up with her." 1487-1525), impostor, was probably born about 1475, the birth-date of Edward, earl of Warwick (1475-1499) [q. v.], whom he personated; his age in 1487 is variously given as ten years (Rolls of Parl. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. Henry Tudor was soon separated from his mother as Edward IV decided that he wanted him live with Lord William Herbert, his leading supporter in Wales. Most definitely, he was of humble origin. Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten (this was evidently Sir William Darcy, an ally of Kildare, who is known to have been exceptionally tall). As a result, several people in England were arrested and executed. Ninety per cent of the population lived in villages and on the farms in the countryside.According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});Henry Tudor in BrittanyJohn Edward Bowle, the author of Henry VIII (1964) claims that the young Henry Tudor benefitted from living in France: "Henry Tudor had learnt in exile and diplomacy to keep his own council and to handle men: he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. Arthur was in poor health and according to William Thomas, Groom of his Privy Chamber, he had been over-exerting himself. De Puebla's despatches, naturally, are steeped in diplomatic discretion and do not tell us all they might. In August 1485, Henry of Lancaster had established himself on the English throne as Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. Henry VII was tall and lean, his seeming fragility concealing a sinewy strength. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. Edward had two sons, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York, who were both imprisoned in the Tower by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. The ship was called the Cuckoo, perhaps a signal that James was aware of Warbecks fraud. Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has argued: "Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Henry's genius was mainly a genius for cautious manoeuvre, for exact timing, for delicate negotiation, for weighing up an opponent or a subordinate, and not least, a genius for organisation. ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? The real Earl was a similar age to the young boy and the political machinations of the time had seen him imprisoned in the Tower of London, the formidable Norman castle which for centuries had held political and aristocratic prisoners. According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. Henry VII had been kept informed about the invasion and his army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. On 16th June the rebel army reached Blackheath. The so called Princes in the Tower disappeared mysteriously and Richard claimed the throne, becoming Richard III. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Michael J. Bennett, "Simnel, Lambert (b. (62)Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. This pretender was Lambert Simnel, in reality the ten-year-old son of an Oxford craftsman. (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. Henry had survived the first major rebellion against his throne. (2) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". And in the tumultuous times following the death of a king, sometimes the pretenders would aim even at the very top. (8)Battle of BosworthWhen Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Lincoln was a senior nobleman and he had to be dealt with. They were quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so Warbeck decided to return to Ireland. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. Lincoln and Thomas FitzGerald were killed. Soon after, Simnel's party conducted him to England, where they were joined by a few desperate men of the Yorkist party. (20), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. Warbeck was taken to London where he was repeatedly paraded through the city. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. 1476/7, d. after 1534)", Oxford DNB Online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Simnel&oldid=1131951831, This page was last edited on 6 January 2023, at 15:21. But after remaining in court for eight months, he tried to escape and was soon recaptured. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. In the initial stages Lincolns force held the upper hand as the German soldiers who were with Schwarz proved effective. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? Richards faction, the Yorkists, remained undefeated in spirit and were plotting Henrys overthrow. Henry was able to unmask the pretender as an imposter, and the rebellion foundered. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. (7), The regents of the young King Charles VIII saw the advantage of supporting Henry Tudor against Richard III and provided him with money, ships, and men to seek the crown. At that time, Christians believed it was wrong for a man to marry his brother's wife. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. Two alternative claimants appeared to the throne. vi. By 13th June, 1496, the Cornishmen, said to number 15,000, were at Guildford. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. (30). (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household. He tutored the boy in courtly manners and contemporaries described the boy as handsome. John Edward Bowle, the author of Henry VIII (1964) claims that the young Henry Tudor benefitted from living in France: "Henry Tudor had learnt in exile and diplomacy to keep his own council and to handle men: he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. His body was found among the other dead and after suffering many humiliations, it was taken to Leicester in an inhuman manner, with a rope around its neck. We now know the two pretenders were named Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel, but at the time there was some uncertainty as to who had the better claim. But the existence of a rebellion under Simnel, as well as the much more dangerous Perkin Warbeck, shows how vulnerable Henrys first years on his throne were. The confession of Warbeck reveals that he was born in 1474 to John Osbeck, the comptroller of the city of Tournai in Belgium, and Katherine de Faro. It is claimed this raised 14,699. Letters and papers illustrative of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII Volume I Letters and papers illustrative of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII Volume II Materials for a history of the reign of Henry VII : from original documents preserved in the Public Record Office Memorials of King Henry VII - Can be downloaded for $20. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? (8), When Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. However, Lincoln did not receive as much support as he had anticipated. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." Lambert Simnel was treated more kindly. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." And then a convenient figurehead appeared. He had stayed in Europe under the protection of Yorkist loyalists from 1483 to 1490 but now intended to return to England. (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." He married Lady Catherine Gordon the daughter of George Gordon, and with this alliance came strong Scottish support. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. Yet Henry was generous to Lambert Simnel and, at first, to Perkin Warbeck, although ruthless and relentless enough in his treatment of Suffolk (the son of Edward IV's sister) who was kept in prison for years after being hunted all over Europe, and of Warwick (son of the Yorkist Duke of Clarence) who was executed after fourteen years in the Tower. [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jasper Tudor : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Elizabeth of York : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Prince Arthur : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Perkin Warbeck : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Henry VIII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Empson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Katherine of Aragon : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (39)Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. (35). Alison Weir has argued that his childhood experiences had encouraged him to feel insecure and suspicious. Secondary Source Bird, Caroline. (12), Henry VII was crowned on the battlefield with Richard's crown. He was then borne in state to the Castle on the shoulders of tall men, that he might be seen by the enthusiastic populace. (15)Spartacus E-Books (Price 0.99 / $1.50)Mary TudorHenry VIIIHenry VIIAnne BoleynHenry VII inherited a kingdom that was smaller than it had been for over 400 years. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. , View all related items in Oxford Reference , Search for: 'Lambert Simnel' in Oxford Reference . Read 3. (58)Ferdinand wrote on 23rd August 1503: "It is well known in England that the Princess is still a virgin. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. Oxford University Press, 2004. Warbeck was now an awkward presence in Scotland, and James soon had him removed, sending him off in a ship to Ireland. In 1496 Warbeck and James IV crossed into England. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. It is not known when Lambert Simnel died. Lambert Simnel 1487; Perkin Warbeck 1491-99; Students first assess why Henry VII faced dynastic challenges by looking at the Wars of the Roses and the Battle of Bosworth field, including two videos. King Richard, after receiving many mortal wounds/ died a fearless and most courageous death, fighting on the battlefield, not in flight. He gained some support from Yorkists. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. A large number of the rebels were killed. England 1547 1603: the Later Tudors (A/2) Spartacus Educational. The army of 8,000 that was being prepared against Scotland had to be rapidly diverted to protect London. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". Available at:https://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/tudor_27.html, The Execution of Perkin Warbeck. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? This was headed by Dame Elizabeth Darcy. He held the title of "Lord of Ireland" since the 12th century, but effectively governed only an area that was roughly a semi-circle forty miles deep around Dublin. Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. The methods he used included the use of promoters for prosecution; imprisonment to facilitate settlement by fine or composition; and summonses issued (as in other council courts) by privy seal His particular responsibilities were the authorization of pardons, countersigned by the king; the finding and traverse of intrusions and the issue of commissions of concealments; pardons and forfeitures on outlawry; wards and liveries of lands. Revisiting Anne Boleyns Guilt, https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. (39), Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? Employed in the royal kitchens, the pretender made a modest career for himself, dying soon after 1534. Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. (38), Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. His other progeny included the classic winners Court Martial, Festoon, and Palestine. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured. For all this, he ruled wisely and well, overcome plots to depose him, and put an end to the dynastic warfare that had blighted England during the second half of the fifteenth century. All rights reserved. (47)On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. (13), Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. (17), Henry VII was always worried about being overthrown by rivals for the thrown. Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. Without the sheer blood lust of his contemporaries, he had a sardonic wit." Congress, Civic Participation, and Primary Sources Projects. However, most local nobles, with the exception of Sir Thomas Broughton, did not join them. He was prepared to spend huge sums to impress the world. The reason for the difference is to be found in Irish politics. (Answer Commentary). For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. Some of its leaders were hanged, drawn and quartered. Sir Thomas FitzGerald commanded the Irish contingent. Edward IV sent Roger Vaughan to arrest Henry and Jasper. When he grew older, he became a falconer. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. (22) Henry's archers decimated the rebel army. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. Simnel, Lambert smnl , c.1475-1525, imposter and pretender to the English throne. The Irish in America by John F. Maguire provides a substantial and invaluable account of the extreme difficulties faced by pioneer Irish immigrants in North America during the 19th Century. Lovell went missing and was rumoured to have escaped to Scotland with Sir Thomas Broughton and hidden to avoid retribution. Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on 16th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. King Louis XI of France agreed to Edward's request to try and capture Henry. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." Covers 1900-1999. Considered a pawn in his uprising and only a child when his rebellion occurred, he was given a job in King Henrys kitchen. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. There is less surviving ,evidence about the personal character of Henry than there is for the other Tudors. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. That they had escaped upper hand as the German soldiers who were with Schwarz proved effective his army meet! 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